• +91-9555269393
  • info@ijdssh.com

International Journal of Development in Social Sciences and Humanities

(By Aryavart International University, India)

International Peer Reviewed (Refereed), Open Access Research Journal

E-ISSN:2455-5142 | P-ISSN:2455-7730
Impact Factor(2020): 5.790 | Impact Factor(2021): 6.013

IJDSSH
Typically replies within an hour

IJDSSH
Hi there

How can I help you?
Chat with Us

Paper Details

Education and the Activity of American Missionary Missions in the Ottoman Empire in the Nineteenth Century (Iraq as a Model)

Vol. 15, Jan-Jun 2023 | Page: 43-52

Dr. Methaq Shayail Zora
Department of History, Faculty of Education Ibn Rushed for Humanity, University of Baghdad

Received: 26-03-2023, Accepted: 02-05-2023, Published Online: 12-05-2023


. Download Full Paper

Abstract

One of the most important features of American foreign activity during the second half of the 19th century was the encouragement of sending Protestant missionary missions to all countries around the world. The mission of these missions was facilitated by the weakened state of the Ottoman Empire, the increasing influence of European countries, and their interference in its internal affairs. Despite the Ottoman efforts to counter the activities of these missions, the American missionary missions adopted a well-planned strategy that suited the conditions of the region, aimed at achieving their goals through direct and indirect methods, including intervention in the field of education. These missions gave great importance to educational aspects, by establishing schools that serve their missionary orientation.

Reference
  1. Archid Mazahim Majbil Al-Ghurairy: (2015); Western-American Security and Military Agreements and their Impact on Arab National Security, Amman, 2014, p. 12; and Berrien Akalin, Journal of International Education and Leadership, Ottoman-American Relations, Francis Hopkins Smith and the American Issue, Vol. 5, No. 1, Spring 2015, p. 28.
  2. The 'Mashyakhiyah' is a religious system consisting of a series of councils composed of secularists and clergy. Calvin was the first to establish the 'Mashyakhiyah' system to manage the Church, and it was later completed by Protestant 'Mashyakhiyah.' See: Yusuf Ghanimah, Protestants and Evangelicals in Iraq, Baghdad, 1998, p. 25.
  3. Jawad Reza Rizqi Al-Saba (2009); The Penetration of American Influence in the Ottoman Empire (1830-1909), Unpublished Master's Thesis, College of Arts - University of Baghdad, p. 31.
  4. Emily Conroy, (2017); U.S. Foreign Mission Movement, c. 1800-1860. Oxford University, 2017.
  5. Jawad Reza Rizqi Al-Saba: The aforementioned source, p. 31.
  6. Ahmed Youssef Hassan Al-Yaqout (2018); 'Foreign Concession Treaties between the Ottoman Empire and Foreign Countries (from the sixteenth century until the nineteenth century),' Master's Thesis, University of Khartoum, p. 35.
  7. Amer Bloo Ismail (2009); 'American Evangelical Education in Mosul from the Late Ottoman Period until 1932,' Journal of Education and Science, Mosul Studies Center, University of Mosul, Vol. 16, No. 2, p. 61.
  8. Youssef Ghanima: Same source as (7), p. 27.
  9. Bashar Fathi Basim Al-Akidi (2011); 'The British-American Power Struggle in Iraq, 1939-1958, A Political Historical Study,' Baghdad, 2011, p. 74.
  10. Jawad Reza Rizkallah Al-Saba: Same source as (7), p. 34.
  11. Ahmed Youssef Hassan Al-Yaqout: Same source as (7), p. 34.
  12. Tony Greenwood (2011); 'Americom-Turkish Encounter, Political and Cultural, 1830-1898,' London, 2011, p. 11.
  13. Ashraf Mohamed Abdelrahman Moones; 'US Policy Towards Iraq (From the Aftermath of World War I to Rashid Ali al-Kaylani Movement 1920-1941),' Cairo, p.28.
  14. Youssef Ghanima, Ibid, p.29.
  15. Arshad Muzahim Al-Ghariri: Ibid, p.13.
  16. Mohamed Khweitir Al-Rubaie, (2021); 'The Beginning of American Orientation towards Iraq (1850-1939),' Journal of the College of Basic Education, Mustansiriya University, Issue (112), p.158.
  17. Amer Baloo Ismail: Ibid, p.29.
  18. Jawad Rida Razooqi Al-Sabaa: Ibid, p.31.
  19. Salwa Saeed Al-Ghalbi, (2002); Ottoman-American Relations (1830-1918), Cairo, p.45.
  20. The same source, p.246; and Salama Hussein Kazim, 'Christian Missionary Work in Iraq (Means and Objectives),' unpublished master's thesis (College of Sharia, University of Baghdad), 1985, p.190.
  21. Jawad Rida Razooqi Al-Sabaa: Ibid, p.180; Index To The Executive Documents of the House of Representatives for the First Session of the Forty-Ninth Congress, 1885-1886, Vol.73, Washington, 1886.
  22. Salah Araybi Al-Obaidi (2010); The Economic Role of National Bourgeoisie in the Arab East until the 1960s, Baghdad, pp. 30-31.
  23. Shahin S. Abdul Razzaq (2018); Reform and Modernization in the Late Ottoman Era; Al-Ustath Journal, University of Baghdad, Issue (226), Volume 2, p. For more information, see: http://www.iasj.net/ddownload/62f1o82522ca3c1c
  24. Jawad Rida Rizkallah Al-Sabaa, Ibid, p. 180; and Yusra Muhammad Salama: Ibid. on the website: updates@academia-mail.com
  25. Mustafa Khaldi: Omar Farouk: Proselytism and Investment in the Arab Countries, (Beirut, 1953), p. 56.
  26. Nahida Hussein Ali Al-Asadi (2011); American Proselytizing Missions in Iraq and the Ottoman State's Position, International and Political Journal, Al-Mustansiriya University, Issue 19, p. 5.
  27. Taysir Jabara (2015); History of the Ottoman State (1800-1924) Jerusalem, 2015, p. 193.
  28. Jameel Musa Al-Najjar (2001); Education in Iraq in the Last Second Era 1869-1918, Baghdad, p. 47.
  29. Nahida Al-Asadi: Ibid, p. 6. And Shahin S. Abdul Razzaq, Ibid. For more information, see: http://www.iasj.net/ddownload/62f1o82522ca3c1c
  30. Shahin S. Abdul Razzaq: Ibid, p. 132. For more information, see: http://www.iasj.net/ddownload/62f1o82522ca3c1c
  31. Nahida Al-Asadi: Ibid, p. 7; and Shahin S. Abdul Razzaq, Ibid, on the website: http://www.iasj.net/ddownload/62f1o82522ca3c1c.
  32. Heather J. Shrkey: Americon missionary Encounters, University of Pennsylvania, edu. http://repository.upenn.edu.2017.
  33. Wameedh Dyab Al-Sarhan (2017); Epidemics, Droughts, and Natural Disasters in the Arab World during the Ottoman Era (1830-1917), Ankara, p.43.
  34. Ahmed Saad Al-Din Al-Sabbati (1989); Evangelism and Its Impact in Arab and Islamic Countries, Giza, p.172.

alexistogel toto online

bandar alexistogel

alexistogel bandar gacor

alexistogel link

alexistogel online

alexistogel bandar togel

link alternatif alexistogel

alexistogel

alexistogel

alexistogel

alexistogel daftar

alexistogel toto macau

alexistogel bandar macau

alexistogel slot

alexistogel agen slot

alexistogel

situs alexistogel

alexistogel

alexistogel slot

alexistogel

alexistogel

alexistogel

alexistogel bandar slot

alexistogel

Alexistogel Toto Macau

alexistogel

bandar alexistogel

alexistogel slot

alexistogel link alternatif

alexistogel macau

alexistogel

alexistogel toto macau

slot alexistogel

alexistogel bandar togel

alexistogel

alexistogel rtp

alexistogel

alexistogel slot

alexistogel

alexistogel

alexistogel

alexistogel terpercaya

daftar alexistogel

alexistogel online

rtp alexistogel

alexistogel slot

alexistogel gacor

link alternatif alexistogel

alexistogel login

alexistogel

alexistogel slot dana

agen togel online

bandar togel online

alexistogel rtp

alexistogel slot

alexistogel daftar

alexistogel daftar

slot online dana

bandar togel slot

togel online terpercaya

slot pragmatic gacor

link situs slot resmi

situs slot online

link daftar togel slot

bandar slot gacor hari ini

bocoran pola slot

situs slot online

bandar slot online

bandar togel online

slot online terpercaya

togel slot online

slot deposit qris

agen slot online gacor

rtp live slot online

bandar slot online

bandar slot online gacor

agen slot online

daftar bandar togel slot

bandar togel online

togel slot hari ini

link alternatif togel slot

rtp slot online gacor

slot online gacor

situs slot gacor

rtp slot gacor

slot online gacor

tips slot maxwin

togel slot gacor

prediksi togel

game slot gacor

trik slot online

prediksi togel jitu

game slot online

togel online terpercaya

daftar togel slot online

bandar togel terpercaya

slot online gacor

trik slot bonus

prediksi togel online

rtp slot online

panduan togel online

RTP LIVE

Bandar Toto Macau

Situs Slot Gacor

bandarbola855 resmi

bandarbola855 gacor

bandarbola855 slot

link bandarbola855

bandarbola855 bola slot

bandarbola855 rtp

bandarbola855 slot online

bandarbola855 link

bandarbola855 bandar

bandarbola855 slot terpercaya

bandarbola855

bandarbola855 slot

bandarbola855 terpercaya

bandarbola855 online

slot bandarbola855

bandarbola855 slot

bandarbola855 daftar

bandarbola855 link

bandarbola855

bandarbola855

bandarbola855

bandarbola855 slot

bandarbola855

bandarbola855 rtp

bandarbola855

bandarbola855

bandarbola855

iosbet

iosbet

link iosbet

slot online iosbet

iosbet link login

slot iosbet

iosbet gacor

iosbet slot

iosbet

slot iosbet

agen iosbet

bandar iosbet

iosbet

iosbet link

bandar iosbet gacor

iosbet

iosbet

iosbet

iosbet

liatogel

bandar liatogel

login liatogel

live draw hk liatogel

liatogel slot online gacor

liatogel totomacau

liatogel link

slot gacor

daftar slot online

bandar slot dana

slot ovo

slot gopay