International Journal of Development in Social Sciences and Humanities

There has been a dramatic change in the Indian economy during the past three decades which moved from being a closed economy heavily dependent on the state to one which is exposed to the international markets and with substantially reduced dependence on the economic activity of the state. This dramatic change has been confined, with the basic structures determining employment, livelihood and poverty for majority of the population not changing sufficiently. Some of the structural characteristics that persisted include the presence of high degree of under employment ,a strong dualism between the organized and unorganized sectors especially in manufacturing which sometimes translates into the dualism between large scale and small scale, the continuing significance of agriculture as the major employer, the emergence of services as the newer employer often as the refuge sector and the involvement of the larger share of the workforce in low productive employment.